How to identify pyrroles: The mental health connection you need to know
- re:health
- Sep 7
- 11 min read
Updated: Sep 8
Table of Contents
The Hidden Mental Health Factor
Pyroluria, also known as pyrrole disorder, may affect up to 40% of people with mental health conditions - yet most have never heard of it.
This hidden biochemical imbalance drains key nutrients including zinc, vitamin B6, omega-6 fatty acids, and other essential minerals and vitamins that your brain relies on for mood, focus, and stress resilience.
If you’ve been battling anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia despite trying different approaches, pyroluria could be a crucial missing piece of your mental health puzzle. Research suggests that between 30-40% of people with psychiatric conditions may have elevated pyrroles. Yet because the condition isn’t well known in conventional medicine, it often goes undiagnosed and untreated.
In simple terms, pyroluria causes a steady loss of zinc, vitamin B6, manganese, and other nutrients - the raw materials your brain needs to make serotonin, dopamine, and GABA. When these building blocks are low, mood, focus, mental health and stress tolerance inevitably suffer.
Vitamin B6 is essential in more than 50 brain reactions and plays a vital role in balancing the nervous system. A deficiency can create ongoing anxiety and depression.
Zinc has a marked effect on mood, stress resistance, memory, and intellectual function.
Poor tolerance to stress, nervousness, anxiety, mood swings, inner tension, and low stress tolerance are hallmarks of pyrrole disorder. They often reflect the combined impact of zinc and B6 deficiency.
Pyroluria has several possible causes, but it also runs in families. If you have it, it’s common for other family members to show the same anxiety and poor stress response patterns. Pyroluria is diagnosed by elevated kryptopyrroles in the urine - and importantly, it is correctable.
Get Your Free Pyroluria QuestionnaireCurious to know if pyrroles could be affecting you? Our comprehensive symptom questionnaire takes just 3 minutes to complete and can help you determine if testing might be worthwhile. |
What Are Pyrroles (Pyroluria)?
The Biochemical Thieves in Your Body
Pyrroles are natural by-products created when your body makes haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your system. For most people, these by-products are excreted through the urine without causing problems.
But in some individuals, pyrroles are overproduced. These excess molecules act like biochemical thieves: they latch on to key nutrients such as zinc and vitamin B6, removing them from the body before the brain can use them them. Over time, this nutrient drain can destabilise brain chemistry and contribute to a wide range of emotional and cognitive symptoms.
You might also hear this condition referred to as pyroluria, kryptopyrroles, or even the Mauve factor - all names for the same phenomenon. The "Mauve factor" name comes from early research where scientists noticed a distinctive mauve-colored compound in the urine of psychiatric patients.
Pyrrole Disorder Symptoms Checklist
The symptoms of this disorder can be wide-ranging, which is why it often goes unnoticed or misdiagnosed. They tend to cluster into mental, cognitive, and physical signs that can significantly impact quality of life.
Emotional & Psychological Symptoms
Anxiety or persistent inner tension
Low stress tolerance - feeling overwhelmed easily
Irritability or mood swings
Depression or persistently low mood
Obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviours (OCD)
Social anxiety
Emotional reactivity or outbursts
Cognitive Symptoms
Brain fog
Poor short-term memory
Difficulty concentrating
Disorganisation in daily tasks
Poor attention to detail
Difficulty with complex problem-solving
Behavioural Symptoms (common in ADHD)
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Emotional dysregulation
Difficulty sitting still or focusing
Procrastination
Physical Symptoms
Sensitivity to bright light or loud sounds
Poor dream recall or disturbed sleep
Frequent infections
Poor wound healing
Digestive issues or food sensitivities
White spots on fingernails (zinc deficiency sign)
Stretch marks or easy bruising
Mental Health Conditions Linked to Pyrroles
Zinc, vitamin B6, and manganese are essential for producing neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and GABA. When these nutrients are depleted in pyroluria, brain chemistry becomes unstable and a wide range of mental health conditions can emerge.
Excess copper, often seen alongside pyroluria, adds to the imbalance by accelerating dopamine breakdown and worsening mood instability.
Prevalence in mental health conditions:
Research suggests pyroluria is not rare — but it is rarely tested for in conventional settings. Studies show elevated pyrroles in:
ADHD: 40–48%
Anxiety disorders: up to 40%
Schizophrenia: 27%
Depression: 20%
Bipolar disorder: 20%
This means pyrrole disorder is not rare - but it is still rarely tested for in conventional settings.
Specific Conditions Where Pyrroles May Play a Role:
Anxiety disorders - inner tension, social anxiety, panic attacks
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - intrusive thoughts and compulsions may be linked to disrupted serotonin and GABA balance from B6 and zinc depletion.
Depression - especially dopamine-deficient depression, characterised by low motivation and loss of pleasure in activities, due to nutrient deficiencies affecting dopamine.
Bipolar disorder - pyrrole-related mood instability can mimic or worsen rapid cycling, with nutrient imbalances contributing to both manic and depressive episodes.
ADHD - hyperactivity, impulsivity, poor focus and emotional dysregulation. The zinc deficiency particularly affects attention and impulse control.
Autism spectrum conditions - pyrroles may contribute to sensory sensitivities, anxiety, and digestive symptoms commonly seen in autism.
Schizophrenia - early research highlighted pyrroles in paranoid subtypes, with nutrient imbalances (low zinc, B6, manganese; high copper) playing a role in psychotic symptoms.
PTSD and trauma-related symptoms - heightened stress responses may worsen when these nutrient deficiencies are present, affecting stress resilience and emotional regulation.
Clinical insight: Men appear more vulnerable to psychiatric symptoms at lower pyrrole levels, while women may tolerate similar levels with fewer overt symptoms. This may explain why pyrroles are sometimes missed in men until symptoms become severe, and why women might be underdiagnosed despite having the condition.
How Pyrroles Disrupt Brain Chemistry
The Cascade of Nutrient Depletion
At its core, pyrrole disorder leads to a loss of three key nutrients that are fundamental to brain function:
Zinc - essential for neurotransmitter regulation, immune balance, and stress resilience. Zinc deficiency affects over 300 enzymatic processes in the body.
Vitamin B6 - vital for serotonin, dopamine, and GABA synthesis. Without adequate B6, the brain cannot produce sufficient amounts of these mood-regulating chemicals.
Manganese - important for dopamine balance, antioxidant defence, and connective tissue health. Manganese deficiency can lead to mood instability and poor stress tolerance.
As zinc and manganese fall, copper levels rise unopposed. The result? Excess copper speeds up dopamine breakdown and contributes to anxiety, paranoia, and mood swings. This creates a vicious cycle where stress increases pyrrole production, which further depletes protective nutrients.
The Ripple Effect
Other nutrients may also be affected by this cascade, including:
Magnesium - essential for nerve function and stress response
Biotin and niacin (B vitamins) - important for energy metabolism
Omega-6 fatty acids - crucial for brain structure and inflammation control
Antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, glutathione) - needed to protect against oxidative stress
This cascade creates a ripple effect across the brain and body, which explains why symptoms can be so diverse and seemingly unrelated.
Causes and Triggers of Pyrrole Disorder
The exact causes aren't fully understood, but research has identified several contributing factors:
Genetic Predisposition
There appears to be a hereditary component to pyrrole disorder. Many patients report family histories of mental health conditions, suggesting genetic variants may affect how the body processes pyrroles or utilises key nutrients.
Stress and Trauma
Pyrrole levels often rise during difficult life periods. Chronic stress increases oxidative damage and can trigger higher pyrrole production. This creates a challenging cycle where stress worsens the condition, and nutrient depletion makes it harder to cope with stress.
Environmental Factors
Infections, toxin exposure, and oxidative stress from poor diet or lifestyle can all contribute to increased pyrrole production. Some patients notice their symptoms began after a significant illness or period of high stress.
Underlying Metabolic Imbalances
Other conditions like gut dysfunction, heavy metal toxicity, or methylation problems can interact with pyrrole disorder, making symptoms more complex and support more challenging.
For many people, pyrroles don't become problematic until stress tips the balance, which is why symptoms often emerge during major life transitions, illness, or periods of high demand.
How to Test for Pyrrole Disorder
The main test is a urinary kryptopyrrole test, which measures the level of pyrroles being excreted in urine. However, this test can be unstable and sometimes produces false negatives, particularly if the sample isn't handled correctly or if testing occurs during periods of low stress.
Testing Considerations
Several factors can affect test accuracy:
Sample collection timing (morning samples often most reliable)
Storage and transport conditions (samples must be protected from light and heat)
Current stress levels (high stress may increase pyrrole excretion)
Concurrent supplementation (some nutrients may affect results)
Get Your Free Pyroluria Assessment Curious if pyrroles could be affecting you? Click HERE for our comprehensive symptom questionnaire takes just 3 minutes to complete and can help you determine if testing might be worthwhile.
Pyroluria Support Protocol
The cornerstone of the approach is targeted nutrient repletion designed to restore the depleted nutrients and rebalance brain chemistry - including vitamin B6, zinc, manganese, magnesium, omega 6, biotin. Support typically involves both immediate intervention and long-term maintenance.
Support Considerations
Because nutrients interact in complex ways - for example, zinc and copper need to be carefully balanced - it's best to address pyrroles under practitioner supervision. Self-supplementation can sometimes worsen symptoms if ratios aren't appropriate.
"The key to successful pyrrole support is understanding that this is not just about adding supplements, but about restoring biochemical balance. The nutrients work synergistically, and timing, dosing, and monitoring are crucial for optimal outcomes." - Walsh Research Institute
What to Expect: Support Timeline
Improvements are gradual, often taking weeks to months as the brain restores balance. Understanding the typical timeline can help set realistic expectations:
Weeks 1-2: Initial adjustment period. Some people may experience mild side effects as the body adapts to supplementation. Energy levels may begin to stabilise.
Weeks 2-6: Early improvements often include better stress tolerance, improved sleep quality, and reduced anxiety. Cognitive fog may start to lift.
Weeks 6-12: More significant improvements in mood stability, concentration, and emotional regulation. Many patients report feeling "more like themselves."
3-6 months: Substantial improvements in most symptoms. This is often when the full benefits become apparent and patients report significant quality of life improvements.
6+ months: Long-term maintenance phase. Many patients require ongoing supplementation but at reduced doses. Regular monitoring helps optimise the protocol.
Foods That Help Pyrrole Disorder
In addition to supplements, diet and lifestyle changes can make a real difference in managing this condition. While supplementation is almost always needed to fully address the imbalance, supportive nutrition creates a strong foundation for recovery.
Nutrient-Dense Foods to Prioritise
Quality proteins - grass-fed meat, wild-caught fish, organic eggs, legumes for amino acids needed for neurotransmitter production
Zinc-rich foods - oysters, beef, pumpkin seeds, cashews, chickpeas
B6-rich foods - salmon, tuna, chicken, potatoes, bananas, spinach
Colorful vegetables - for antioxidants and co-factors that support nutrient absorption
Healthy fats - avocados, olive oil, nuts, seeds for brain health and hormone production
Stabilise blood sugar by avoiding refined carbohydrates and sugary foods, which can worsen mood swings and anxiety while placing additional stress on already depleted nutrient stores.
Foods and Habits to Limit
Alcohol - increases oxidative stress and further depletes B vitamins
Ultra-processed foods - high in additives and low in nutrients
Excess caffeine - can worsen anxiety and interfere with mineral absorption
High-copper foods - chocolate, nuts, shellfish (in excess) when copper is already elevated
Refined sugars - create blood sugar spikes that stress already compromised systems
Lifestyle Factors That Support Recovery
While nutritional support is essential, lifestyle practices that support nervous system regulation can significantly enhance recovery:
Prioritise sleep - aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep, as this is when the brain repairs and detoxifies
Stress management - since stress increases pyrrole production, practices like meditation, yoga, or gentle exercise are crucial
Regular movement - moderate exercise supports circulation and helps the body utilise nutrients effectively
Time in nature - exposure to natural light and fresh air can help regulate mood and stress hormones
Mindful breathing - deep breathing exercises can activate the parasympathetic nervous system and reduce stress
Research and Evidence
While pyrrole disorder may not be widely recognised in conventional medicine, there is substantial research supporting its existence and the effectiveness of nutritional approaches.
Historical Foundation
The foundation for understanding pyrroles was laid by pioneering researchers in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Carl Pfeiffer and his colleagues at the Princeton Brain Bio Center conducted groundbreaking work, identifying elevated pyrroles in psychiatric patients and demonstrating the effectiveness of targeted nutritional support.
Modern Research
Contemporary research continues to validate these early findings:
Studies have confirmed the prevalence of elevated pyrroles in various psychiatric conditions
Research has demonstrated the biochemical mechanisms by which pyrroles bind to and deplete essential nutrients
Clinical trials have shown significant improvements in symptoms with targeted nutrient support
Genetic research is beginning to identify specific gene variants associated with pyrrole metabolism
Frequently Asked Questions
What is pyrrole disorder?
Pyrrole disorder (also called pyroluria or kryptopyrroles) is a biochemical condition where excess pyrroles bind to essential nutrients like zinc, vitamin B6, and manganese, causing them to be excreted from the body. This nutrient depletion affects brain chemistry and can worsen mental health symptoms.
How do you test for pyroluria?
The primary test is a urinary kryptopyrrole test that measures pyrrole levels in urine. However, this test can be unstable. Most practitioners combine the urine test with symptom questionnaires, medical history, and response to nutritional support for accurate assessment.
Can pyrrole disorder be managed effectively?
While there's no "cure," pyrrole disorder can be effectively managed with targeted nutritional supplementation and lifestyle changes. Many people experience significant improvements in symptoms with proper support, though it typically requires ongoing nutritional maintenance.
What supplements help with pyroluria?
The core supplements are vitamin B6 (or P5P), zinc, and manganese. Additional supportive nutrients may include magnesium, omega-6 fatty acids (GLA), vitamin C, vitamin E, and NAC. Support should be guided by a qualified practitioner as nutrients interact with each other.
How long does pyrrole disorder support take?
Improvements typically appear gradually over weeks to months. Some people notice changes within 2-4 weeks, while others may take 3-6 months to see significant improvements. The timeline depends on severity, individual biochemistry, and adherence to the protocol.
Is pyrrole disorder recognised by mainstream medicine?
Pyrrole disorder is not widely recognised in conventional medicine, though research supporting its existence dates back decades. It's more commonly acknowledged in functional medicine, integrative psychiatry, and orthomolecular medicine practices.
Can children have pyrrole disorder?
Yes, pyrrole disorder can affect children and is particularly common in those with ADHD, autism spectrum conditions, and behavioural challenges. However, support protocols for children require careful consideration of dosing and should always be supervised by an experienced practitioner.
What's the difference between pyrrole disorder and other nutrient deficiencies?
Pyrrole disorder is unique because it creates an ongoing drain of specific nutrients (zinc, B6, manganese) due to the binding action of excess pyrroles. This means that standard doses of supplements may not be sufficient, and the underlying pyrrole production must be addressed for lasting improvement.
Curious if pyrroles could be part of your picture? Download our free Pyroluria Symptom Questionnaire to start uncovering your unique biochemistry and determine if further assessment might be beneficial.
The Takeaway:
Pyrrole disorder is often overlooked in mainstream medicine, yet it may be the missing link in understanding stubborn mental health struggles. By depleting zinc, vitamin B6, and manganese - and leaving copper unchecked - pyrroles can destabilise brain chemistry and leave people vulnerable to anxiety, depression, ADHD, and more.
The encouraging news is that with proper assessment, targeted nutritional support, and lifestyle modifications, many people experience meaningful improvements in mood, focus, and overall wellbeing. The key is working with a practitioner experienced in this area who can guide you through the testing and support process.
If you recognise yourself in the symptoms described, or if you've been struggling with mental health challenges despite trying various approaches, it may be worth exploring whether pyrroles could be part of your picture.
References & Further Reading
McGinnis, W.R., et al. (2008). Discerning the Mauve Factor, Part 1. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 14(2), 40-50.
Mensah Medical. (2015). Mood Instability: Pyrrole Disorder as an Underlying Cause of Bipolar and DMDD.
Mensah Medical. (2014). Facts and Myths about Pyrrole Disorder - Webinar with Dr. Mensah.
O'Hara, A. (2018). Pyroluria: Hidden Cause of Anxiety, Depression and ADHD. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine.
Pfeiffer, C.C. (1975). Mental and Elemental Nutrients. Keats Publishing.
Riordan Clinic. (2015). Cross-Sectional Analysis of Pyrroles in Psychiatric Disorders.
Science-Based Medicine. (2012). Pyroluria and Orthomolecular Psychiatry.
Sohler, A., Pfeiffer, C.C., & Jenney, E.H. (1970). Kryptopyrrole levels in schizophrenia: A study of 101 patients. Science, 170(3956), 1108-1110.
Walsh, W.J. (2012). Nutrient Power: Heal Your Biochemistry and Heal Your Brain. Skyhorse Publishing.
Warren, B., et al. (2021). Pyroluria: Fact or Fiction? Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 27(5), 407-415.
About the Author
Ruth Etches, Nutritional Therapist & Functional Medicine Practitioner
Ruth is a leading practitioner in brain and mental health, with advanced training in Integrative and Nutritional Psychiatry. She is also a certified Bredesen practitioner, offering the ReCode and PreCode protocols for Alzheimer's prevention and cognitive optimisation.
With over a decade of clinical experience, Ruth specialises in uncovering the root causes of complex conditions such as anxiety, depression, ADHD, autism, bipolar disorder, cognitive decline, and mould-related illness. She uses advanced functional testing - including genetics, organic acids, hormone panels, immune markers, and gut analysis - to create highly personalised nutrition and lifestyle strategies.
Ruth is the founder of Re:Health Clinic, where she and her team provide compassionate, evidence-based support to clients across the UK and internationally. Her approach blends cutting-edge science with a deeply personalised, holistic philosophy: no stone unturned.
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